Standard Jet DBnb` Ugr@?~1y0̝cßFNWc7ܜ(.` {6$߱lC73y[C-|*|49j\$f_Љ$g'DeFx -bT4.0dv Y S  Y   Y Y  Y Y  Y  iY  Y   Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 2Y  Y   Y  Y ConnectDatabaseDateCreateDateUpdate FlagsForeignNameIdLvLvExtraLvModule LvPropName OwnerParentIdRmtInfoLongRmtInfoShortTypeYYIdParentIdName        OYS Y Y Y  Y 2ACMFInheritableObjectIdSID YObjectId YRTSY  Y Y Y  Y  Y Y  Y AttributeExpressionFlagLvExtra Name1 Name2ObjectId Ordernzf edY"ObjectIdAttribute -YRTSY Y Y  Y  Y   Y  Y  Y ccolumn grbiticolumnszColumnszObject$szReferencedColumn$szReferencedObjectszRelationshipg-X `iXXtj5X 7l:XT 0[YYYszObject$szReferencedObjectszRelationshipYv1b N  : k & W  C t/  @@@@X  @@OJmJLJkQkiQ^JmYdbkWYfkmJL^Qk`kvkJMQk`kvkdL[QMmk`kvkhoQiYQk`kvkiQ^JmYdbkWYfkmdfYMbdmQk`kvkOL  @~  @ @% % % % % %%%%%%%%%%%%%      d k f  0@ 60@Topic Notesc@&DDD88888886 @60@60@MSysRelationshipsbDDDDDDDDDDB 60@60@MSysQueriesb88888888886 60@60@MSysACEsb22222222220 60@60@MSysObjectsb88888888886 60@60@MSysDbc.........., 60@60@Relationshipsb<<<<<<<<<<: 60@60@Databasesb44444444442 60@60@Tablesb.........., jYlowZerNY Y d YID TitleCommentsTT#TT$YYIDPrimaryKeyHv1bLVAL?{\rtf1\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fswiss\fprq2\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f1\fnil\fprq2\fcharset0 Koine;}{\f2\froman\fprq2\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f3\fnil\fcharset0 Georgia;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\stylesheet{ Normal;}{\s1 heading 1;}{\s2 heading 2;}{\s3 heading 3;}} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\keepn\nowidctlpar\s2\sa60\qc\lang1033\b\f0\fs32 A Very Short Greek Grammar\par \pard\nowidctlpar\qc\b0\fs24 Compiled by John W White\par \pard\nowidctlpar Grammar information obtained from \b William H. Davis\b0 , \ul Beginner's Grammar of the Greek New Testament\ulnone and \b H. E. Dana and J. R. Mantey\b0 , \ul A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament\ulnone .\par \pard\fs22 There is a place on the Internet that will give you some help. {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://www.bible-researcher.com/index.html"}}{\fldrslt{\ul\cf1 http://www.bible-researcher.com/index.html}}}\f0\fs22 \par Check {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://www.gracebiblechurch.us/bible.html"}}{\fldrslt{\ul\cf1 http://www.gracebiblechurch.us/bible.html}}}\f0\fs22 for parsed verses of the New Testament.\par \pard\keepn\nowidctlpar\s2\sb240\sa60\qc\b\fs24 VERBS\par \pard\nowidctlpar TENSE: \b0 Fixes verbal action with regard to time and aspect.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60\b A. Present:\b0 [P; pres]* Continuous action in the present. "I am washing." The action of the present tense may be represented by a \b line\b0 (-------------) in the present.\par \b B. Imperfect:\b0 [I; imp] Continuous action going on in past time. "I was washing." The action of the imperfect tense may be represented by a \b line\b0 (---------------->) in the past.\par \b C. Future:\b0 [F; fut] Expresses action in the future. "I shall wash."\par \pard\nowidctlpar\b D. Aorist:\b0 [A; aor] Expresses action as a point and not over a period of time. "I washed" The action of the aorist tense may be represented by a \b dot\b0 (\f1\bullet\f0 ). The aorist presents the action as attained. It statesLVAL the fact of the action or event without regard to its duration. The dot can be very small, John 3:3 "Except a man \b be\b0 \b born\b0 [aorist passive] again, . ."; or a very large dot, John 2:20 "It took forty-six years \b to\b0 \b build\b0 [\ul aorist active\ulnone ] this temple,".\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60\b E. perfect:\b0 [R; per] Expresses the results of the action to continue to exist. "I have washed" The perfect tense may be represented by a \b dot\b0 and a \b line\b0 (\bullet ---------------).\par \b F.\b0 \b pluperfect:\b0 [U; plu] Expresses continuance of the completed state in past time up to a prescribed limit in the past. "I had washed" The Pluperfect tense may be represented by (<--\f1 -----\f0 >).\par \pard\nowidctlpar\b\par VOICE:\b0 This part of the verb relates the verbal action to the subject.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60\b A. Active:\b0 [A; act] The active voice represents the subject as acting.\par \b B. Middle:\b0 [M; mid] The middle voice represents the subject as acting with reference to himself.\par \b C. Passive:\b0 [P; pas] The passive voice represents the subject as acted upon.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\par \b MOOD:\b0 The mood \ldblquote present two viewpoints: That which is \b actual\b0 and that which is \b possible\b0\rdblquote \ldblquote The \b indicative\b0 is the mood which denotes the verbal idea as actual.\rdblquote Danna p.166 The subjunctive, optative, and imperative are modes that express \ldblquote potential.\rdblquote\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60\b A. Indicative:\b0 [I; ind] This mood is a mood of certainty with respect to the completion of the action of the verb. "I wash"\par \b B. Subjunctive:\b0 [S; sub] This mood expresses the idea of probable completion of the action of the verb with the possibility of the action of the verb failing to be completed. "I may wash"\par \b C. Optative:\b0 [O; opt] probable failure to happen. A Wish. "I hope to wash."\par \b D. iMperative:\b0 [M; imp] This expresses a command or intention. "Let themLVAL wash."\par \pard\nowidctlpar\~\par i\b N\b0 finitve: [N; infn] Verbal noun expressing purpose or limit of action. The infinitive implies the action a \b potential\b0 . The infinitive is a verbal substantive or noun not having a mood. \lquote The infinitive implies potential or possibly.\par \par \b P\b0 articiple: [P; mas-Ptc; fem-Ptc; neu-Ptc] There is no mood in a participle as found in a verb. \ldblquote The participle generally contemplates \b action\b0 as \b real\b0 or \b actual\b0 . With an article they are used as \b nouns\b0 , without an article they would be used as \b adjectives\b0 . \par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60 * The single letter is a short hand notation for the part of the verb it represents.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\s2\qc\b\par NOUNS\par \pard\nowidctlpar\fi-720\li720\sb60 CASE:\b0 eight cases under five case forms. Greek nouns use masculine, feminine, and neuter gender.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60 The \b nominative\b0 is the case of the subject. Root idea is designation.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\fi-720\li720\sb60 The \b genitive\b0 is the specifying case and uses the preposition "of". The root idea is that of definition. It is also the case of possession. \par The \b ablative\b0 is the whence case expressed in English by 'from', 'away'. The root idea is separation.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60 The \b locative\b0 is the 'in' case, corresponding to the English 'in'/ 'at'. The root idea is position.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\fi-720\li720\sb60 The \b instrumental\b0 is case of means or association, expressed in English by 'with'/'by'. Root idea is means.\par The \b dative\b0 is the case of personal interest, corresponding to the English 'to'/'for'. The root idea is interest. This also would be known as the Indirect Object Case.\par The \b accusative\b0 is the case of extension, corresponding to the direct object. Root idea is limitation. This also would be known as the Direct Object Case.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60 The \b vocative\b0 is the case of address.\par Note: A noun dLVALoes not express action of any kind. Mood is not relevant to a noun. To try to use a noun as a verb is to abandon any certainty of that action being completed. Example is \ldblquote Faith\rdblquote . Faith commonly used as a verb which is not possible.\par \pard\keepn\nowidctlpar\s2\sb240\sa60\qc\b THE CASES and the ARTICLE: "the"\par \trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh284\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2389\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3230\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3964\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx4738\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6126\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6967\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7701\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8475\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9878\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar\sb100\sa100\b0\~ \b Case\b0\cell\b Masc\b0\cell\b Fem\b0\cell\b Neut\b0\cell\b Singular\b0\cell\b Masc\b0\cell\b Fem\b0\cell\b Neut\b0\cell\b Plural\b0\cell\row\trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh361\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2389\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3230\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrLVALs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3964\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx4738\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6126\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6967\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7701\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8475\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9878\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar Nominative, subject\cell\f1\fs26 oJ\cell hJ\cell to<\cell\f0\fs24 the\cell\f1\fs26 oiJ\cell aiJ\cell ta<\cell\f0\fs24 the\cell\row\trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh314\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2389\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3230\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3964\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx4738\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6126\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6967\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7701\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8475\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9878\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar *Genitive, definition\cell\f1\fs26 tou~\cell th~v\cell tou~\cell\f0\fs24 of the\cell\f1\fs26 tw~n\cell tw~v\cell tw~n\cell\f0\fs24 of the\cell\row\trowd\trgaphLVAL90\trleft-135\trrh295\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2389\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3230\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3964\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx4738\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6126\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6967\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7701\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8475\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9878\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar *Ablative , separation\cell\f1\fs26 tou~\cell th~v\cell tou~\cell\f0\fs24 from the\cell\f1\fs26 tw~n\cell tw~v\cell tw~n\cell\f0\fs24 from the\cell\row\trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh314\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2389\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3230\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3964\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx4738\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6126\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6967\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrLVALt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7701\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8475\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9878\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar *Locative, position\cell\f1\fs26 tw~|\cell th|~\cell tw~|\cell\f0\fs24 in/at the\cell\f1\fs26 toi~v\cell tai~v\cell toi~v\cell\f0\fs24 in/at the\cell\row\trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh258\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2389\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3230\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3964\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx4738\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6126\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6967\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7701\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8475\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9878\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar *Instrumental, means\cell\f1\fs26 tw|~\cell th|~\cell tw|~\cell\f0\fs24 with/by the\cell\f1\fs26 toi~v\cell tai~v\cell toi~v\cell\f0\fs24 with/by the\cell\row\trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh342\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2389\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw1LVAL5\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3230\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3964\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx4738\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6126\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6967\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7701\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8475\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9878\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar *Dative, interest\cell\f1\fs26 tw|~\cell th|~\cell tw|~\cell\f0\fs24 to/for the\cell\f1\fs26 toi~v\cell tai~v\cell toi~v\cell\f0\fs24 to/for the\cell\row\trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh248\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2389\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3230\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3964\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx4738\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6126\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6967\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7701\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8475\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9878\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar Accusative, limitation\cell\f1\LVALfs26 to<n\cell th<n\cell to<\cell\f0\fs24 the\cell\f1\fs26 tou>v\cell ta<v\cell ta<\cell\f0\fs24 the\cell\row\trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh299\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2389\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3230\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx3964\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx4738\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6126\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6967\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7701\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx8475\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9878\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar Vocative, Address\cell\~\cell\~\cell\~\cell\~\cell\~\cell\~\cell\~\cell\~\cell\row\pard\nowidctlpar *The Genitive, Ablative, Locative, Instrumental, and Dative cases form prepositional phrases.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\s2\qc\b TEXT USED IN BIBLE STUDY TOOLS COMPUTER PROGRAM\par \pard\nowidctlpar Alphabet Key \b0 (For the text and grammar used in Bible Study Tools)\par \trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh345\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx1408\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2978\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\LVALbrdrs \cellx4720\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6257\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7893\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9691\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar alpha, \f1\fs26 a\f0\fs24 = a\cell beta, \f1\fs26 b \fs24 \f0 b\cell gamma, \f1\fs26 g \fs24 \f0 g\cell delta, \f1\fs26 d\f0\fs24 d\cell epsilon, \f1\fs26 e \fs24 \f0 e\cell zeta, \f1\fs26 z \fs24 \f0 z\cell\row\trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh240\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx1408\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2978\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx4720\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6257\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7893\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9691\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar eta, \f1\fs26 h\fs24 \f0 n\cell theta, \f1\fs26 q \fs24 \f0 q\cell iota, \f1\fs26 i \f0\fs24 I\cell kappa, \f1\fs26 k \fs24 \f0 k\cell lambda, \f1\fs26 l \fs24 \f0 l\cell mu, \f1\fs26 m \fs24 \f0 m\cell\row\trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh303\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx1408\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2978\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15LVAL\brdrs \cellx4720\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6257\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7893\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9691\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar nu, \f1\fs26 n \f0\fs24 v\cell xi, \b\f1\fs26 x\b0 \fs24 \f0 x\cell omicron, \f1\fs26 o \fs24 \f0 o\cell pi, \f1\fs26 p \fs24 \f0 p\cell rho, \f1\fs26 r \fs24 \f0 r\cell sigma, \f1\fs26 s, v \fs24 \f0 s\cell\row\trowd\trgaph90\trleft-135\trrh303\trbrdrl\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrt\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrr\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trbrdrb\brdrdash\brdrw15 \trpaddl90\trpaddr90\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx1408\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx2978\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx4720\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx6257\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx7893\clbrdrl\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrt\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrr\brdrw15\brdrs\clbrdrb\brdrw15\brdrs \cellx9691\pard\intbl\nowidctlpar tau, \f1\fs26 t\fs24 \f0 t\cell upsilon, \f1\fs26 u\fs24 \f0 u\cell phi, \f1\fs26 f\fs24 \f0 f\cell chi, \f1\fs26 c \fs24 \f0 c\cell psi, \f1\fs26 y\fs24 \f0 y\cell omega, \f1\fs26 w\fs24 \f0 w\cell\row\pard\nowidctlpar\b\par \par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60 Other Keys: \b0 This is for the Text and Grammar files in \b Bible Study Tools\b0 .\par TENSE: \b pre\b0 = present; \b imp\b0 = imperfect; \b fut\b0 = future; \b aor\b0 = aorist; \b per\b0 = perfect; \b plu\b0 = pluperfect\par MOOD: \b ind\b0 = indicative; \b sub\b0 = subjunctive; \b opt\b0 = optative; \b imp\b0 = imperative;\par CASE: \b nom\b0 = nominative; \b gen\b0 = genitive; \b LVALdat\b0 = dative; \b voc\b0 = vocative; acc = accusative.\par GENDER: \b mas\b0 = masculine; \b fem\b0 = feminine; \b neu\b0 = neuter.\par OTHER: \b conj\b0 = conjunction; \b prep\b0 = preposition; \b adj\b0 = adjective; \b artl\b0 = article; \b adv\b0 = adverb;\par \b part\b0 = particle; \b Ptc\b0 = participle\par \pard\keepn\nowidctlpar\s2\sb240\sa60\qc\b HELPFUL BOOKS\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60\b0 Gillespie, G. K. \b\i The Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament.\b0\i0 Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1903.\par Wigram, George V. \b\i The New Englishman's Hebrew Concordance. \b0\i0 Hendrickson Publishers, 1984.\par Strong, James. \b\i The Exhaustive Concordance to The Bible.\b0\i0 Abingdon Press: New York, 1955.\par Han, Nathan E. \b\i A Parsing Guide to the Greek New Testament.\b0\i0 Pennsylvania: Harold Press, 1972.\par Morrish, George. \b\i A Concordance of the Septuagint. \b0\i0 London: Samuel Bagster and Sons Limited, 1974.\par LXX, \b\i Septuagint Version of the Old Testament.\b0\i0 Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1973.\par \b\i The Analytical Greek Lexicon.\b0\i0 New York: Harper and Brothers\par Moulton, and Milligan. \b\i The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament. \b0\i0 Michigan: Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1972.\par Moulton, and Geden. \b\i A Concordance to the Greek Testament.\b0\i0 Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1974.\par \b\i Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, vol I, II.\b0\i0 Chicago: Moody Press, 1980.\par Dana and Mantey. \b\i A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament.\b0\i0 Toronto: Macmillian Co. 1969.\par William H. Davis. \b\i Beginner\rquote s Grammar of the Greek New Testament. \b0\i0 New York: Harper, 1923.\par Bruce M. Metzger. \b\i Lexical Aids for Students of New Testament Greek.\b0\i0 Princeton, New Jersey: Theological Book Agency, 1969.\par \pard\keepn\nowidctlpar\s2\sb240\sa60\qc\b\~DON'T OUTGREEK THE GREEK\par \pard\nowidctlpar\qc\b0 By Harold J. Berry\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60 Excepts from \ul "Take HLVALeart" in Your Study\ulnone ; \f1\fs26 PROKOPE\f0\fs24 , Vol. VIII, No. 3, page 6;\par Copyright \'a9 1991 by The Good News Broadcasting Association, Inc. All rights reserved.\par They say that a little bit of Greek is dangerous. Well, maybe being able to swim five yards is not too helpful, but I'd rather know how to swim five yards than not at all.\par What I usually find is that by the time my students have gone through my Greek classes, they're not acting too authoritative about Greek. They realize that there are enough technicalities and exceptions to require some balance and caution as they study a Greek text.\par All words take on a special significance when viewed in light of their context. Always be suspicious if a commentary you're using packs or loads a word with theological meaning and then traces it through the Bible and forces the context to fit that meaning. That's not the way any language works. There are certain basic meanings the word has, but it takes on additional shades of meaning in its context. The same kind of care should be used regarding tenses and conditional sentences.\par Here are some tips and examples to help you avoid trouble when studying Greek texts:\par \pard\keepn\nowidctlpar\s3\sb240\sa60\qc\b WATCH YOUR WORDS\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60\f1\fs26 ejkklhsi>a\b0\f0\fs24 - commonly translated "church," but its basic meaning is "a called-out group. Only the context can reveal the kind of called-out group it is. (See Acts 19:32).\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60\qj\b\f1\fs26 ajgia>zw\b0\f0\fs24 - "I sanctify." Word basically means "set apart." Be careful about loading it with theological significance and then forcing the passage to fit the word. Context must determine what the person or thing is set apart to.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60\b\f1\fs26 te>lov\b0\f0\fs24 or \b\f1\fs26 te>leiov\b0\f0\fs24 and \b\f1\fs26 teleio>w\b0\f0\fs24 - commonly translated "perfect." No word in Greek means "perfect" in the sense our English word does (without imperfection). Greek word rLVALefers to what is complete or has come to its end.\par \pard\keepn\nowidctlpar\s3\sb240\sa60\qc\b DON'T BE MORE TENSE THAN THE TENSES\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60 Aorist\b0\f1\fs26 \f0\fs24 - the name conveys the significance of the tense" without limits." Significance is "unlimited" or "undefined." Translating the aorist "once-for-all" may be defended from the context but not from the tense itself. Grammarians Dana & Mantey expressed it well: "The aorist signifies nothing as to completeness, but simply presents the action as attained. It states the fact of the action or event without regard to its duration" (Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament, p.193).\par \b Perfect\b0 - as the English word implies, this tense refers to that which has been perfected, or completed. The Greek tense refers to that which has been completed in the past with a continuing effect. Of these two aspects, the emphasis is on the continuing effect.\par Some interpreters go beyond the significance of the perfect tense by extending its existing results into the future. All that can be defended about the perfect tense is that at \i the time of speaking or writing \i0 the continuing effect, or existing result, still stands. Whether it extends beyond this depends on the context, not the perfect tense.\par \pard\keepn\nowidctlpar\s3\sb240\sa60\qc\b BE CAUTIOUS WITH THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60 FIRST CLASS\b0 - (\f1\fs26 eij\f0\fs24 with indicative in protasis; any mood or tense in the apodosis). Traditionally interpreted as "assumed true" and translated as "since" or "because" \i (Essentials of New Testament Greek, \i0 pp. 108-I 09).\par More defensible to call this the construction of "simple condition "--last part of the statement is true if the first part is true', last part is false if the first part is false. Only context can determine if true or not-not the construction by itself (see James Boyer, "First Class Conditions: What Do They Mean?" \i Grace Theological Journal, \i0 Spring, 1981.)\pLVAL ar Example: "If he is studying, he will learn Greek."\par \pard\nowidctlpar\par \fs22 (\b My note:\b0 Not all First Class Conditional phrases are TRUE.\par \pard\nowidctlpar\fi-720\li1440\sb60\qj\b Matthew 12:27\b0 "And if (since) I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your children cast them out? therefore they shall be your judges."\par \b Matthew 26:39\b0 "O my Father, if (since) it be possible, let this cup pass from me: . . ."\par \b 1 Cor 15:32 \b0 ". . . if (since) the dead rise not? let us eat and drink; for to morrow we die."\par \b John 10:37\b0 "If [since] I do not the works of my Father, believe me not."\par \pard\fi-720\li720\cf2\b Here is a first class conditional that is true: Romans 11:16\b0 For \b if\b0 the firstfruit \i be\i0 holy, the lump \i is\i0 also \i holy\i0 : and \b if\b0 the root \i be\i0 holy, so \i are\i0 the branches.\cf0 )\b\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60\b0\fs24\par \b SECOND CLASS\b0 - (\f1\fs26 eij\b\f0\fs24 \b0 with indicative in protasis; an with indicative in apodosis). Contrary to fact. Little debate about this conditional sentence structure.\par Example: "If he had studied. he would have learned Greek."\par \pard\nowidctlpar\b\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60 THIRD CLASS\b0 - (\f1\fs26 eja>n\f0\fs24 with subjunctive in the protasis; any mood or tense in the apodosis). Traditionally interpreted as "probable future" \i (Essentials of New Testament Greek, \i0 p.109).\par More defensible to call this the construction of "uncertainty" (see lames Boyer, "Third (and Fourth) Class Conditions," \i Grace Theological Journal, \i0 Fall, 1982.)\par Example: "If he studies, he will learn Greek."\par To translate the third class conditional sentence as "If, and you probably will; would make the last five verses of 1 John contradict themselves. (I John 1:6-10 are all third-class conditional sentences.)\par v.6; "If we say that we are having fellowship..."\par v.7; "But if in the light we are walking..."\par v.8; "If we say that we have not sinnedLVAL!..."\par v.9; "If we are confessing our sins..."\par v.10 "If we say that we have not sinned..." \par \pard\keepn\nowidctlpar\s2\sb240\sa60\qc\b\f1\fs26 AIWNIOS\b0 \par \pard\keepn\nowidctlpar\s2\sb60\sa60\qc\f0\fs24 by S. S. Craig 1916\par \pard\nowidctlpar\sb60\ul\b Dualism of Eternal life.\par \ulnone\b0 The Latin Vulgate translated the Greek adjective \f1\fs26 aijw>niov\f0\fs24 to the Latin \i aeternus\i0 in which we get the English word eternal and eternity. \par The KJV translators instead of going back to the original Greek and translating the Greek adjective \f1\fs26 aijw>niov\f0\fs24 , went to the Latin Vulgate and translated the Latin \i aeternus\i0 . This is why the word eternal has been misunderstood by the English reader. If they would have gone to the Greek they for sure would have translated it as many translators such as Rotherham and Young, namely, age lasting or life for the age (\f1\fs26 eijs ton aijw>niov\f0\fs24 ).\par It is equally a fact that the theology of the West was not that of the Greek Church but that of Roman Catholicism. It was Latin theology. And just as it is beyond doubt that the revisers, translators, and lexicographers, were chiefly influenced by the Latin language and Latin translations. It is admitted that the theology of Calvin was derived from Saint Augustine, modernized and extended.\par \ldblquote It was absolutely essential to Augustinian theology with its blightening emphasis on \b the doctrine of predestinarianism\b0 to mistranslate the Greek \b adjective\b0 \f1\fs26 aijw>niov\f0\fs24 , and put on it a meaning which the Greek will not for a moment allow in its respective applications to salvation and judgment. \par And that was essential to Augustinian theology was equally essential to Latin Christianity from the days of Augustine to those of Calvin and Luther. And the same exists in the Reformed Theology from then till the present. \par To say nothing of other words, the Calvinist simply cannot, dare not, face an honest and truthful intp LVAL erpretation of the two frequently occurring words with which we are now dealing with, namely \ldblquote eternal life.\rdblquote\par *****************************************\par (\b My note:\b0 New Testament eternity is expressed in the phrase \f1\fs26 eijs tou<v aijw~nav tw~n aijw>nwn\f0\fs24 found in Galatians 1:5 and not in a single Greek word. Translated \ldblquote unto to the ages of/from the ages.\rdblquote Some other examples are found in Philippians 4:20; 1 Timothy 1:17; 2 Timothy 4:18 Hebrews 13:21; 1 Peter 4:11.)\par \pard\cf2\f3\fs23\par } Greek Grammar?, ""x{hUB/ b c b c b c b c c b c b c b b c b c ^LVALnMR28AllowZeroLengthRequired( Title  .Comments